Copper metal-functionalized carbon from rattan waste via microwave pyrolysis for enhanced chloramphenicol removal: Optimization and F-test study--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

Mohamad Yusop, M. F., Rashid, M. M., Alam, M. M., & Ahmad, M. A. (2025). Copper metal-functionalized carbon from rattan waste via microwave pyrolysis for enhanced chloramphenicol removal: Optimization and F-test study. Particuology, 100, 196-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.011

Copper metal-functionalized carbon from rattan waste via microwave pyrolysis for enhanced chloramphenicol removal: Optimization and F-test study

Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Yusop^a, Md Mamoon Rashid^b, Mohammad Mahtab Alam^c, Mohd Azmier Ahmad^a *

a School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
b Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61411, Saudi Arabia
c Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia

10.1016/j.partic.2025.03.011

Volume 100, May 2025, Pages 196-213

Received 17 December 2024, Revised 15 February 2025, Accepted 15 March 2025, Available online 26 March 2025, Version of Record 11 April 2025.

E-mail: chazmier@usm.my

Highlights

• Optimized Cu²⁺-RMFC achieved CAP uptake of 76.15 mg/g and yield of 31.54 %.

• Modification with Cu²⁺ improved CAP uptake up to 50.06 % (30.40 % at pH 7).

• The Q_m was 101.10 mg/g (linear method) and 108.00 mg/g (non-linear method).

• Hydrogen, dipole-dipole, π-π, and ion-dipole boosted CAP affinity for Cu²⁺-RMFC.

• Null hypothesis was accepted for isotherm models and rejected for kinetic models.

Abstract

This study tackles the issue of chloramphenicol (CAP) in wastewater by exploring its removal using rattan waste-based metal functionalized carbon (RMFC). The study provides new insights into the adsorption mechanism by investigating the role of Cu²⁺ functionalization in enhancing CAP uptake through ion-dipole and π-π interactions. The RMFC surface was enriched with Cu²⁺ ions through modification with CuN₂O₆, resulting in the production of copper-enriched RMFC (Cu²⁺-RMFC). The conditions for preparing Cu²⁺-RMFC were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM). Following this, an F-test was conducted to evaluate the differences in variance distinguishing linear from non-linear approaches pertaining to isotherm together with kinetic models, with the null hypothesis proposing that these variances are the same. The adsorption capacities of CAP by pristine RMFC and Cu²⁺-RMFC were 53.69 mg/g and 77.14 mg/g, respectively, indicating a 30.40 % increase. Besides hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole bonds, and π-π interactions, the enhanced CAP removal by Cu²⁺-RMFC was attributed to the ion-dipole interaction between Cu²⁺ ions and more electronegative oxygen (O) atoms in CAP molecules. The RSM identified the optimal conditions as 660 W, 8.07 min, and a metal loading ratio (MLR) of 0.47 g/g in relation to radiation power, duration of radiation, and MLR, correspondingly. These circumstances brought about predicted CAP uptake values of 76.15 mg/g (actual: 77.14 mg/g; error: 1.28 %) and a Cu²⁺-RMFC yield of 31.54 % (actual: 32.36 %; error: 2.53 %). The adsorption process was well represented by the non-linear Freundlich and non-linear pseudo-first-order (PFO) models. The adsorption capacity of the Langmuir monolayer (Q_m) was 101.01 mg/g for the linear model and 108.00 mg/g for the non-linear model. The F-test results indicated that for all isotherm models studied, the F value was smaller than the F-critical value, leading to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. In contrast, the F values for all kinetic models exceeded the F-critical value, resulting in the refusal of the null hypothesis.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Adsorption process; Metal functionalized carbon; Optimization; F-test; Surface modification

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