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Volume 108
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Gao, C., Zhang, X., Wang, P., Li, Y., Chu, D., Bai, W., & He, Y. (2026). Mechanistic analysis of drag force model for carbon nanotube fluidized bed based on CFD-DEM with multiscale analysis. Particuology, 108, 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2025.11.011
Mechanistic analysis of drag force model for carbon nanotube fluidized bed based on CFD-DEM with multiscale analysis
Chenyu Gao a, Xijun Zhang a, Peng Wang a c, Yan Li c, Dianming Chu a d *, Wenjuan Bai a d *, Yan He a b *
a Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Preparation and Application of High-performance Carbon-Materials, College of Electromechanical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
b Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Technology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
c Shandong Dazhan Nano Materials Co., Ltd, Binzhou, 256220, China
d Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Rubber-Based High-Performance Composites and Advanced Manufacturing, Jining, 272100, China
10.1016/j.partic.2025.11.011
Volume 108, January 2026, Pages 25-40
Received 4 September 2025, Revised 4 November 2025, Accepted 15 November 2025, Available online 26 November 2025, Version of Record 3 December 2025.
E-mail: chudianming@qust.edu.cn; bwj@qust.edu.cn; heyan@qust.edu.cn
Highlights

• CFD-DEM-multiscale framework deciphers drag in agglomerative CNTs fluidization.

• Gidaspow model best describes dense-dilute phase dynamics in CNTs fluidized bed.

• System-averaged particle energy nonlinearly modulates reactor-scale fluidization uniformity.


Abstract

This study investigates the fluidization of aggregative carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by integrating the computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) with a novel multiscale analysis framework. Systematic comparisons with high-speed imaging experiments reveal that Gidaspow model's piecewise formulation delivers optimal simulation performance in the dense-dilute transition zone, but it overestimates the stable fluidization pressure drop by 19.7 % due to the Ergun equation's overprediction of viscous dissipation. Furthermore, multiscale analysis demonstrates that system-averaged particle energy (kinetic, gravitational potential, and rotational energy) nonlinearly modulates reactor-scale fluidization uniformity (R2=0.6901–0.8570). This paper elucidates the underlying mechanisms behind the discrepancies in simulation results among various traditional drag models, thereby providing mechanistic insights and data-driven guidance for model selection in laboratory-scale simulations of particle fluidization.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Numerical simulation; Interphase drag force; Multiscale analysis; CNTs; Fluidized bed
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