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Volume 108
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Luo, D., Tian, R., Xie, S., Xue, Y., You, Y., & Lv, X. (2026). Interparticle forces and their regulation mechanisms in iron ore granulation: A review. Particuology, 108, 252-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2025.11.014
Interparticle forces and their regulation mechanisms in iron ore granulation: A review
Dongcai Luo, Renhao Tian, Shaoxian Xie, Yuxiao Xue, Yang You *, Xuewei Lv *
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
10.1016/j.partic.2025.11.014
Volume 108, January 2026, Pages 252-271
Received 6 March 2025, Revised 13 November 2025, Accepted 18 November 2025, Available online 28 November 2025, Version of Record 4 December 2025.
E-mail: youyang@cqu.edu.cn; lvxuewei@cqu.edu.cn
Highlights

• Interparticle forces are critical to particle aggregation and growth.

• Summarize the types of interparticle force and their governing factors.

• Establish a connection between the interparticle force and operating conditions.

• Summarize the research progress of new granulation processes.


Abstract

Iron ore granulation is a critical role in the production of sinter, with the resulting granule size distribution and strength directly influencing the permeability of the subsequent sinter bed and the quality of the sinter. Granulation involves the process of particle coalescence and growth under the influence of forces such as collision, compression, and friction, resulting in larger granules with a narrower size distribution. The inter-particle forces are governed by the properties of the iron ore, granulation equipment, and process parameters. Therefore, the appropriate granulation process and optimized configuration of iron ore plays a significant role in improving the technical and economic indicators of sintering. This paper reviews the mechanisms of particle growth during the granulation process, focusing on the microscopic interparticle forces that drive particle coalescence. A central theme of this review is to establish the critical link between these microscopic forces and the macroscopic process parameters. Therefore, it subsequently analyzes how raw material properties, equipment design, and operating conditions exert their influence precisely by regulating these interparticle forces. Finally, the paper summarizes the current challenges and future research directions in iron ore granulation. The results provide a theoretical basis for comprehensive understanding of iron ore granulation and efficient production of high-quality granules.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Iron ore; Granulation; Inter-particle forces; Agglomeration; Granulation efficiency
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