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Volume 109
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Wrinkled spray-dried nanocellulose/chitosan microparticles as bio-based carriers for curcumin: Linking particle morphology to adsorption and release mechanisms
Huynh Vu Thanh Luong a b *, My Tran Diep b, Ngoc Cham Phan a b, Ngoc Yen Nguyen c, Duy Toan Pham c, Trong Tuan Nguyen c, Huynh Giao Dang a b
a Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 94000, Viet Nam
b Applied Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 94000, Viet Nam
c Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Can Tho, 94000, Viet Nam
10.1016/j.partic.2025.12.022
Volume 109, February 2026, Pages 153-164
Received 29 September 2025, Revised 22 December 2025, Accepted 24 December 2025, Available online 2 January 2026, Version of Record 8 January 2026.
E-mail: lhvthanh@ctu.edu.vn
Highlights

• Green electrolysis used to extract nanocellulose from durian peel.

• Optimization yielded cellulose with 61.2 % crystallinity and high stability.

• Nanocellulose (100–300 nm) adsorbed diclofenac up to 13.99 mg/g.

• Sustained, pH-responsive release followed zero-order and Peppas kinetics.

• Biocompatible carrier showed no hemolysis or irritation, and mucoadhesive properties.


Abstract

This study developed chitosan–nanocellulose (CNC/CTS) microparticles via spray-drying as carriers for oral delivery of curcumin. Cellulose was extracted from Nypa fruticans fibers using a green electrochemical method and converted to nanocrystals, which were then combined with chitosan at varying CNC concentrations (1–7 %) and CNC:CTS ratios (1:1, 2:1, 4:1) to produce microparticles with tunable, wrinkled, spherical morphologies. Curcumin loading was performed by spray-drying or post-adsorption, with the latter achieving higher capacity (34.7 mg/g), ∼5.4-fold solubility enhancement, and sustained release over 24 h in simulated intestinal fluid following zero-order kinetics. Mucoadhesion tests showed strong mucin binding (>60 %) and increased viscosity, indicating potential for prolonged gastrointestinal residence. Mechanistic analyses revealed multi-modal interactions—including hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, and π–π stacking—governing adsorption and release behavior. These results demonstrate that particle morphology and surface chemistry can be tuned to optimize delivery performance, highlighting CNC/CTS microparticles as a sustainable, scalable platform for oral administration of poorly soluble bioactives.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Spray-drying; Microparticles; Chitosan; Nanocellulose; Curcumin; Mucoadhesion
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