Engineering particulate architectures for hybrid energy storage: Bridging the gap between intercalation capacity and adsorption kinetics--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

a Laboratory of Environmental, Ecological and Agro-Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 592, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
b Laboratory of Sciences and Technologies Team, Higher Education and Training School, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
c Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Materials, and Catalysis, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
d Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco

10.1016/j.partic.2025.12.019

Volume 109, February 2026, Pages 192-210

Received 4 November 2025, Revised 17 December 2025, Accepted 19 December 2025, Available online 2 January 2026, Version of Record 8 January 2026.

E-mail: r.elkacmi@usms.ma

Highlights

• From intercalation to adsorption, a paradigm shift is proposed for ultra-fast storage.

• Defines absorption as a capacity provider and adsorption as a speed enabler in one continuum.

• Demonstrates how hybridization bridges the energy and power gap in electrochemical devices.

• Reviews advanced materials strategies: nanostructuring, doping, functionalization, and hybrids.

• Projects the impact of this paradigm on EVs, smart grids, and next-generation electronics.

Abstract

Electrochemical energy storage faces a persistent trade-off: batteries deliver high energy densities via ion intercalation but remain kinetically limited, whereas supercapacitors provide ultrafast power and outstanding durability through interfacial adsorption but suffer from low energy densities. This dichotomy has become a bottleneck for electric mobility, renewable grid stabilization, and portable electronics.

This review introduces a unifying paradigm in which absorption acts as a capacity provider and adsorption as a speed enabler. We critically examine the fundamentals of both mechanisms and survey state-of-the-art materials, from graphite, transition-metal oxides, and phosphates to bio-derived carbons, graphene, MOFs, COFs, and emerging sodium-ion and solid-state systems. Particular emphasis is placed on hybrid devices such as lithium-ion capacitors and hybrid supercapacitors, which already achieve 30–70 Wh kg⁻¹ with multi-kW kg⁻¹ power output and lifetimes exceeding 20,000 cycles.

Looking ahead, disruptive directions include solid-state architectures, bio-inspired electrodes, ultra-fast charging infrastructures (>500 kW), and circular-economy strategies. By reconciling autonomy and speed, the absorption–adsorption paradigm charts a roadmap for next-generation storage systems, capable of supporting the 2030–2040 transition to a resilient, electrified, low-carbon society.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Electrochemical energy storage; Ion intercalation; Interfacial adsorption; Hybrid devices; Ultra-fast charging; Circular economy

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