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Volume 109
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Stable flow characteristics of Geldart C desulfurization ash particles in a novel loop-coupled riser under swirling-flow enhancement
Zhihui Li, Xueyan Jiao, Yumei Li, Xiao Ma, Chengxiu Wang *, Xingying Lan, Jinsen Gao
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.01.001
Volume 109, February 2026, Pages 219-230
Received 25 October 2025, Revised 15 December 2025, Accepted 5 January 2026, Available online 8 January 2026, Version of Record 14 January 2026.
E-mail: cwang1277@cup.edu.cn
Highlights

• Effects of three intakes on fine particles are compared at high superficial gas velocity 3.5–4.5 m/s.

• Draft tube-lift loop forms most readily with tangential intake.

• Enhanced turbulence intensity and fluidization are obtained with tangential intake.

• Greater solids holdup is achieved by tangential intake, compared to vertical intake.

• Solids circulation rate is enhanced by 42.9 % with tangential intake's swirling-flow.


Abstract

During the flue gas desulfurization process with the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactor, Geldart C desulfurization ash particles are prone to aggregation and accumulation in the inlet region, which significantly impairs gas-solid contact. To address this challenge, the present study proposes a novel design that couples a loop reactor to the bottom of the riser and employs a tangential intake structure. This combination generates a swirling flow to enhance the fluidization performance of Geldart C particles in the inlet region of the CFB reactor, thereby improving gas-solids contact efficiency. Under a superficial gas velocity of 1.5–4.5 m/s, the tangential intake configuration facilitates the formation of draft tube-lift loop flow when the draft tube gas velocity exceeds 1.10 m/s. In comparison, the vertical intake requires a gas velocity in the draft tube region greater than 1.20 m/s, while the coiled intake demands 1.25 m/s. Furthermore, the swirling-flow from tangential intake effectively entrains more Geldart C particles into the internal loop flow and external circulation, increasing the solids circulation rate from 7.0 to 10.0 kg/(m2 s), an increase of 42.9 %. These findings offer a valuable insight for the industrial application of Geldart C particles in CFB systems.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Geldart C particles; Circulating fluidized bed; Loop flow; Intake structure; Solids holdup; Solids circulation rate
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