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Volume 109
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Toughening modification of bismaleimide resin with a cyano-containing thermoplastic PPENK particles
Zhiyuan Cheng a b, Xinbo Dong a b, Cheng Liu a b c d *
a State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
b Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
c Liaoning Province Technology Innovation Center of High Performance Resin Materials, Dalian, 116012, China
d Dalian Engineering Research Center of High Performance Resin, Processing and Application, Dalian, 116012, China
10.1016/j.partic.2025.12.014
Volume 109, February 2026, Pages 231-237
Received 13 November 2025, Revised 14 December 2025, Accepted 18 December 2025, Available online 8 January 2026, Version of Record 14 January 2026.
E-mail: liuch1115@dlut.edu.cn
Highlights

• High-performance PPENK thermoplastic toughening agents containing cyano groups were synthesized.

• The impact strengthens of the cured BDM resins were significantly improved, with excellent thermal property.

• The toughening mechanism of BDM resin modified by PPENK particles has been revealed.


Abstract

The 4,4′-bismaleimidodiphenyl-methane (BDM) resin, as one of the most important thermoset resin, exhibits poor toughness, which prevents it from adapting to high technical requirements and hinder its further development. Novel poly (phthalazinone ether nitrile ketone)s (PPENK) with twisted, non-coplanar phthalazinone units and highly polar cyano side groups into the main chain of poly (aryl ether ketone) molecules were synthesized and used to modify the blends of BDM/diallyl bisphenol A (DABPA). The thermal and mechanical properties of modified BDM resin have been investigated thoroughly. The role of cyano group content of PPENK on the mechanical properties of modified BDM resin has been recognized. The impact strength of modified BDM resin reached up to 26.25 kJ/m2, and the glass transition temperature can still maintain in a high level, in the range of 280–291 °C, indicating the excellent thermal properties of modified BDM resin. Moreover, the island-structure particles have been analyzed and the toughening mechanism of BDM resin modified by PPENK particles has been revealed. This work provides a new strategy for design of high-performance thermoplastic toughening agents for BDM resin with improved toughness and thermal properties.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Poly(phthalazinone ether nitrile ketone); Thermoplastic resin; BDM resin; Mechanism of toughening; Thermal properties
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