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Volume 109
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Hydrodynamic conditions governing the initiation of buried particles in viscous debris flows
Rui Luo a, Xionghuan Tan a, Renjie Tang b, Ni An b, Hongyue Sun a *
a Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
b Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.01.002
Volume 109, February 2026, Pages 238-246
Received 11 September 2025, Revised 1 November 2025, Accepted 5 January 2026, Available online 8 January 2026, Version of Record 14 January 2026.
E-mail: shy@zju.edu.cn
Highlights

• This study proposes a new model for the initiation of buried particles in viscous debris flows.

• Sensitivity tests show slurry density has the strongest effect on critical velocity.

• Sensitivity tests show fluid behavior index has the weakest effect on critical velocity.

• The proposed model is applicable in engineering for optimizing rock-water separation methods.


Abstract

Debris flows, a common natural disaster, cause annual casualties and property damage downstream. In mountainous watersheds, short-duration heavy rainfall generates significant hydraulic conditions in debris flow channels. The specified conditions trigger the mobilization of loose sediment, leading to the amplification effect that can ultimately overwhelm downstream mitigation measures. This study considers the influence of the fluid properties of viscous debris flow slurries on the forces exerted on buried coarse particles, aiming to accurately reflect real-world conditions and offer theoretical support for the amplification effect. A novel relationship was established between the initiation of motion for buried coarse particles and flow conditions, thereby broadening the applicability of existing models. The reliability of the model is assessed from two perspectives: comparison with physical model experiments and comparison with numerical simulations. A sensitivity analysis on the fluid property parameters of the debris flow slurry revealed that slurry density has the greatest impact on the cross-sectional initiation velocity for particle initiation, followed by fluid yield stress, fluid consistency index, and fluid behavior index, with the latter having the least influence.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Viscous debris flow; Buried coarse particles; Rolling initiation; Critical flow velocity; Cross-sectional velocity; CFD-DEM
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