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Volume 112
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Co-firing in pulverized coal boilers: Drag coefficient models and lateral drift of wheat straw fragments
Haoteng Zhang, Xuying Lu, Bingyi Jiang *, Cuina Qin, Lihui Yu, Shuo Jiang, Chunjiang Yu *
State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.02.019
Volume 112, May 2026, Pages 36-51
Received 23 November 2025, Revised 26 January 2026, Accepted 16 February 2026, Available online 6 March 2026, Version of Record 16 March 2026.
E-mail: jiangby@zju.edu.cn; chunjiang@zju.edu.cn
Highlights

• Drag coefficient models were established for straw fragments.

• Non-uniform windward drag distribution drives particle lateral translation and rotation.

• Straw fragments do not deviate from the combustion zone during furnace flow.

• High-velocity dilute-phase pneumatic conveying is essential for straw fragments.


Abstract

For flexible and hollow straw-like biomass, direct co-firing via preliminary crushing and pneumatic conveying represents a promising technological pathway. However, this approach faces two major challenges: the lack of accurate drag coefficient models for non-spherical, centimeter-sized straw fragments during pneumatic transport and furnace flow, and the risk of lateral drift that may cause deposition during conveying or deviation from the combustion zone. To address these issues, this study establishes dedicated drag coefficient models for rectangular platelets, circular tubes, and solid cylinders, representing typical shapes of straw fragments. These models provide essential parameters for characterizing gas-solid flow in both conveying and combustion processes. Through combined experimental and numerical simulations, the lateral drift mechanism of non-spherical particles was investigated. Results indicate that lateral translation and rotation originate from the non-uniform distribution of fluid drag along the windward surface, generating horizontal force components and torque. Based on experimental and theoretical analysis, it is proposed that high-velocity dilute-phase pneumatic conveying, distinct from pulverized coal transport, should be adopted to mitigate deposition and blockage risks during straw fragment transport. Meanwhile, the risk of unburned carbon loss due to straw fragments leaving the combustion zone was ruled out. This work provides a practical drag coefficient model for co-firing applications, preliminarily clarifies the mechanism of lateral drift, and offers crucial engineering guidance for the preliminary crushing and pneumatic conveying process of straw-based biomass.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Pulverized coal boiler; Straw fragments; Drag coefficient; Lateral drift
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