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Volume 117
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Application of carbon-based materials in the positive electrode of lithium-sulfur batteries
Zhaobo Wang, Ying Song *, Lixia Zhu, Jinze Song, Xiaolei Song, Li Chen *
Key Laboratory of Advanced Structural Materials, Ministry of Education and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.07.012
Volume 117, October 2026, Pages 175-193
Received 22 June 2026, Revised 14 July 2026, Accepted 17 July 2026, Available online 24 July 2026, Version of Record 4 August 2026.
E-mail: songying2017@ccut.edu.cn;
Highlights

• Recent advances in carbon-based cathode materials for Li–S batteries are reviewed.

• Advantages of 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D carbon materials are systematically compared.

• Multiple mechanisms including confinement, adsorption and catalysis are elucidated.

• Challenges in practical applications of carbon materials are critically discussed.

• Future directions for high-performance and practical Li–S batteries are proposed.


Abstract

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are considered as a promising next-generation energy storage system due to their high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA h g−1), high energy density (2500 W h kg−1), abundant sulfur resources, and environmental friendliness. However, the poor conductivity of sulfur and its final product Li2S, the severe shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), significant volume expansion, and slow redox reaction kinetics have severely limited their practical application. In recent years, carbon-based materials have shown significant application value in the cathodes of LSBs due to their excellent electrical conductivity, tunable pore structure, high specific surface area, and good chemical stability. This review focuses on the application of carbon-based materials in the cathodes of LSBs. According to the material dimension, they are classified into zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional (0D, 1D, 2D and 3D) carbon materials. The structural characteristics, design strategies, and their roles in enhancing conductivity, confining LiPSs, adsorbing at interfaces, and catalytic conversion of different types of carbon materials are systematically summarized. Meanwhile, the current challenges and future development directions of carbon-based materials are prospected, with the aim of providing references for the design and application of high-performance cathode materials for LSBs.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Lithium-sulfur battery; Carbon-based materials; Sulfur cathode; Shuttle effect; Catalytic conversion
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