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Volume 117
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Correlation between hydrate transformation and particle instability during drying of MgCl2 droplets
Jing Liu, Lijuan Zhao, Jiahui Wu, Zhonghua Wu *
School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
Volume 117, October 2026, Pages 348-364
Received 25 May 2026, Revised 17 July 2026, Accepted 29 July 2026, Available online 30 July 2026, Version of Record 10 August 2026.
E-mail: wuzhonghua@tust.edu.cn
Highlights

• Drying of MgCl2 droplets couples water removal with phase related reconstruction.

• MgCl2·6H2O evolves through lower hydrates toward hydroxychloride containing solids.

• Morphology deterioration coincides with the hydrate to hydroxychloride transition interval.

• Higher concentration advances instability; higher temperature compresses it.


Abstract

The drying behavior and structural evolution of single magnesium chloride solution droplets were investigated under different initial concentrations, droplet volumes, and drying temperatures. Drying kinetics, morphology, circularity, apparent compressive response, porosity, bursting behavior, and phase evolution were analyzed by image analysis, single particle compression, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. Increasing temperature shortened the average drying time from 183.3 s at 160 °C to 142.2 s at 240 °C, whereas increasing droplet volume from 1 to 3 μL prolonged it from 75.6 s to 300.0 s. Higher temperature and concentration advanced instability and intensified bursting. Under the representative condition of 35.2 wt%, 2 μL, and 200 °C, MgCl2·6H2O dominated at high moisture content, while Mg(OH)Cl became predominant at 15.70–6.57% moisture. This interval coincided with rapid growth in apparent compressive response and intensified bursting. At 30.80% moisture, the increase in lower hydrates and hydroxychloride phases corresponded to drying rate decline and circularity loss. Infrared spectra confirmed that hydroxyl groups and bound water remained in late stage products. The results indicate that droplet deterioration was associated with a hydrate to hydroxychloride reconstruction interval rather than dehydration alone.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
MgCl2 droplet drying; Hydrate transformation; Compressive response evolution; Phase composition analysis; Bursting behavior
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